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The history of discussion about motion information content dates back to Aristotle’s declaration of correlation between motion and life of biological objects. This correlation includes connection of locomotor activity with mental and physiological state. Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov in his work Cerebral Reflexes published in 1863 declared that all external features of cerebral activity can be manifested as muscular motion. This declaration illustrates a correlation between thinking and muscular motion. Charles Darwin in his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals published in 1872 declared that reflexes represented emotions. Conrad Lorenz, Nobel Prize winner and a prominent biologist and physiologist of the XXth century, in his book Aggression published in 1966 declared that measurement of reflection motion intensity (frequency) and amplitude would provide measurement of aggression intensity.
In spite of direct correlation of emotional and functional states with parameters of reflex controlled motion, until recent time there were no quantitative and informative parameters of human body movement. This is primarily due to the fact that most researchers of motion physiology (N. A. Bernstein [1], Mira y Lopez [2]) studied human body macromobility, which was a sophisticated mathematical problem. It was shown in [3] that vertical equilibrium of the human head was controlled by the vestibular system and was described by vestibular reflex function. Equilibrium or balance of the human head controlled by the vestibular system can be also regarded as a particular case of locomotor activity (head micromobility). There are advantages of head micromobility analysis over analysis of other types of human body reflex controlled mobility. Movements of human head are the most frequently repeated motions of human body during life. The two month old child begins to poise the head. Vertical head position in older children and adults is controlled by the vestibular system. This includes continuous micromobility (hundreds of micrometers several times per sec) of head, stopped only when the head is sloped to a support.
From the physical standpoint, mechanical head oscillations are a vibration process, whose parameters provide quantitative correlation between energy and object mobility. Integral information about head mobility parameters can be obtained using vibraimaging technology [4]. Vibraimaging technology provides quantitative information about periodic movements of any point of the object. Vibraimage is the primary image, each point of which represents object mobility parameters. Like other biomedical images (ultrasonic, NMR, IR, X-ray), vibraimage represents a specific physical property. Vibraimage provides information similar to information obtained using point by point biomedical methods: EEG, GSR, ECG. The physical model of head micromobility analysis based on vibraimage technology and thermodynamic laws was suggested in [5]. This model introduces a new term, vestibular emotional reflex or vestibular energy reflex (VER).
Discussion
Kinesiology principles declare that movement coordination depends on emotional state and physiological state[6]. The pathology origin is difficult to diagnose. The solution of most primary problems is not required in security systems. People in abnormal states should be detected for further more careful investigation. Similar principles are used in medicine. Early diagnosis of most diseases is important for successful therapy. Body temperature is a common diagnostic parameter. Body temperature increases in most diseases (often, too late for effective therapy). The human vestibular system receives information from virtually all parts of body. This information is used to support human body balance, and any signifycant signal disturbs the balance. Parameters of human head micromobility (frequency) in addition to body temperature and HR, are essential indicators of human health. Thermoregulation is an integral parameter. Significant changes are required to modify human body temperature. Heart functions are determined by many factors. It is fairly improbable that HR and cardiac rhythm are modified at early disease stages. In contrast to HR and cardiac rhythm, vestibular system reaction is detectable at early disease stages. Simple use of vibraimaging system makes it a health state indicator. Any computer user can use this indicator. In this case computer user should have computer, application software, and an inexpensive WEB camera. Vibraimaging system can also be used in professional monitoring for early disease diagnosis. Vibraimaging system can be used for diagnosing vestibular dysfunctions, mental diseases, and various functional pathology of central nervous system. Preliminary testing revealed efficacy of the system in early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis.
Head micromovement analysis by vibraimage technology for early diagnostics of Alzheimer’s disease
Head micromovement mostly regulated by vestibular system, is complicated reflex physiological process linked with the brain activity and central nervous system operations. Brain transformation corresponding to Alzheimer’s disease has influence to the number of physiological processes and firstly gives changing in reflex movements. Head micromovement is the only one outside visible reflex movement physiological process, so it is possible to control it by video or web cameras with application of vibraimage technology. Vibraimage is biomedical image, this technology accumulates movements and transforms video image into the image and parameters of movements [6]. The frequency histogram of vibraimage for normal human state looks like normal or Gaussian distribution. Alzheimer’s dysfunction breaks normal process of head movement and it has influence to the several movement parameters, like dispersion, multimodality and form factors of frequency distribution for head micromovement, so we registers this changes for patients in calm state with Alzheimer’s disease. It is interesting to indicate, that any discussion with Alzheimer’s patient improved and normalized the frequency distribution of head micromovement, so it confirms the opinion that the mind work and exercises are useful for Alzheimer’s patients and could complete medical care. Vibraimage control of head movement is very sensitive and enough easy to be at one of control methods for early Alzheimer’s diagnostics, you need to have only web camera, computer and software and to control patient in about one minute.
Reference
1. N. A. Bernstein. Motion Physiology and Activity (in Russian). Nauka, Moscow (1990), pp. 373-392.
2. E. Mira y Lopez. A Graphic Technique of Personality Research [Russian translation]. Rech, St. Petersburg (2002).
3. A System for Remote Scanning and Identification of the Psychophysiological State of Humans: State Contract No. 02.435.11.6002, Elsys, St. Petersburg (2006).
4. V. A. Minkin. Vibraimage (in Russian). St. Petersburg, Renome (2007).
5. V. Minkin and L. Thims. Vibraimage. Encyclopedia of Human Thermodynamics (2008).
6. Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 42, No. 4, 2008, pp. 196_200. Translated from Meditsinskaya Tekhnika, Vol. 42, No. 4, 2008, pp. 30_34. Original article submitted March 24, 2008. Elsys Corp., St. Petersburg, Russia; E_mail: minkin@elsys.ru , Institute of Special Pedagogy and Psychology, St. Petersburg, Russia; Application of Vibraimage Technology and System for Analysis of Motor Activity and Study of Functional State of the Human Body V. A. Minkin and N. N. Nikolaenko
In spite of direct correlation of emotional and functional states with parameters of reflex controlled motion, until recent time there were no quantitative and informative parameters of human body movement. This is primarily due to the fact that most researchers of motion physiology (N. A. Bernstein [1], Mira y Lopez [2]) studied human body macromobility, which was a sophisticated mathematical problem. It was shown in [3] that vertical equilibrium of the human head was controlled by the vestibular system and was described by vestibular reflex function. Equilibrium or balance of the human head controlled by the vestibular system can be also regarded as a particular case of locomotor activity (head micromobility). There are advantages of head micromobility analysis over analysis of other types of human body reflex controlled mobility. Movements of human head are the most frequently repeated motions of human body during life. The two month old child begins to poise the head. Vertical head position in older children and adults is controlled by the vestibular system. This includes continuous micromobility (hundreds of micrometers several times per sec) of head, stopped only when the head is sloped to a support.
From the physical standpoint, mechanical head oscillations are a vibration process, whose parameters provide quantitative correlation between energy and object mobility. Integral information about head mobility parameters can be obtained using vibraimaging technology [4]. Vibraimaging technology provides quantitative information about periodic movements of any point of the object. Vibraimage is the primary image, each point of which represents object mobility parameters. Like other biomedical images (ultrasonic, NMR, IR, X-ray), vibraimage represents a specific physical property. Vibraimage provides information similar to information obtained using point by point biomedical methods: EEG, GSR, ECG. The physical model of head micromobility analysis based on vibraimage technology and thermodynamic laws was suggested in [5]. This model introduces a new term, vestibular emotional reflex or vestibular energy reflex (VER).
Discussion
Kinesiology principles declare that movement coordination depends on emotional state and physiological state[6]. The pathology origin is difficult to diagnose. The solution of most primary problems is not required in security systems. People in abnormal states should be detected for further more careful investigation. Similar principles are used in medicine. Early diagnosis of most diseases is important for successful therapy. Body temperature is a common diagnostic parameter. Body temperature increases in most diseases (often, too late for effective therapy). The human vestibular system receives information from virtually all parts of body. This information is used to support human body balance, and any signifycant signal disturbs the balance. Parameters of human head micromobility (frequency) in addition to body temperature and HR, are essential indicators of human health. Thermoregulation is an integral parameter. Significant changes are required to modify human body temperature. Heart functions are determined by many factors. It is fairly improbable that HR and cardiac rhythm are modified at early disease stages. In contrast to HR and cardiac rhythm, vestibular system reaction is detectable at early disease stages. Simple use of vibraimaging system makes it a health state indicator. Any computer user can use this indicator. In this case computer user should have computer, application software, and an inexpensive WEB camera. Vibraimaging system can also be used in professional monitoring for early disease diagnosis. Vibraimaging system can be used for diagnosing vestibular dysfunctions, mental diseases, and various functional pathology of central nervous system. Preliminary testing revealed efficacy of the system in early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis.
Head micromovement analysis by vibraimage technology for early diagnostics of Alzheimer’s disease
Head micromovement mostly regulated by vestibular system, is complicated reflex physiological process linked with the brain activity and central nervous system operations. Brain transformation corresponding to Alzheimer’s disease has influence to the number of physiological processes and firstly gives changing in reflex movements. Head micromovement is the only one outside visible reflex movement physiological process, so it is possible to control it by video or web cameras with application of vibraimage technology. Vibraimage is biomedical image, this technology accumulates movements and transforms video image into the image and parameters of movements [6]. The frequency histogram of vibraimage for normal human state looks like normal or Gaussian distribution. Alzheimer’s dysfunction breaks normal process of head movement and it has influence to the several movement parameters, like dispersion, multimodality and form factors of frequency distribution for head micromovement, so we registers this changes for patients in calm state with Alzheimer’s disease. It is interesting to indicate, that any discussion with Alzheimer’s patient improved and normalized the frequency distribution of head micromovement, so it confirms the opinion that the mind work and exercises are useful for Alzheimer’s patients and could complete medical care. Vibraimage control of head movement is very sensitive and enough easy to be at one of control methods for early Alzheimer’s diagnostics, you need to have only web camera, computer and software and to control patient in about one minute.
Reference
1. N. A. Bernstein. Motion Physiology and Activity (in Russian). Nauka, Moscow (1990), pp. 373-392.
2. E. Mira y Lopez. A Graphic Technique of Personality Research [Russian translation]. Rech, St. Petersburg (2002).
3. A System for Remote Scanning and Identification of the Psychophysiological State of Humans: State Contract No. 02.435.11.6002, Elsys, St. Petersburg (2006).
4. V. A. Minkin. Vibraimage (in Russian). St. Petersburg, Renome (2007).
5. V. Minkin and L. Thims. Vibraimage. Encyclopedia of Human Thermodynamics (2008).
6. Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 42, No. 4, 2008, pp. 196_200. Translated from Meditsinskaya Tekhnika, Vol. 42, No. 4, 2008, pp. 30_34. Original article submitted March 24, 2008. Elsys Corp., St. Petersburg, Russia; E_mail: minkin@elsys.ru , Institute of Special Pedagogy and Psychology, St. Petersburg, Russia; Application of Vibraimage Technology and System for Analysis of Motor Activity and Study of Functional State of the Human Body V. A. Minkin and N. N. Nikolaenko
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